Reference tables and catalogues

At the top is a quick reference of values: density and melting point of metals, alloys, liquids, materials and gases, searchable, with a source for every number. Below is a catalogue of 31 verified reference works, each labelled with its type and what is inside.

Quick reference: density and melting point

57 substances: metals, alloys, liquids, solid materials and gases. Density is given at 20 °C and normal atmospheric pressure unless the note says otherwise; melting point at normal pressure. Every number can be checked through the source link in its row.

Density and melting point of substances
		Density, kg/m³		Note and source
Aluminium Al	2.70	2,700	660.32	Source: PubChem
Chromium Cr	7.15	7,150	1907	Source: PubChem
Copper Cu	8.933	8,933	1084.62	Source: PubChem
Gold Au	19.28	19,280	1064.18	Source: PubChem
Iron Fe	7.874	7,874	1538	Source: PubChem
Lead Pb	11.34	11,340	327.46	Source: PubChem
Lithium Li	0.534	534	180.5	The lightest metal. Source: PubChem
Magnesium Mg	1.74	1,740	650	Source: PubChem
Mercury Hg	13.53	13,530	−38.83	A liquid metal; density at 25 °C. Source: PubChem
Nickel Ni	8.912	8,912	1455	Source: PubChem
Osmium Os	22.57	22,570	3033	Source: PubChem
Platinum Pt	21.46	21,460	1768.3	Source: PubChem
Silver Ag	10.50	10,500	961.78	Source: PubChem
Tin Sn	7.287	7,287	231.93	White tin. Source: PubChem
Titanium Ti	4.5	4,500	1668	Source: PubChem
Tungsten W	19.3	19,300	3422	The highest melting point of all metals. Source: PubChem
Zinc Zn	7.134	7,134	419.53	Source: PubChem
Brass	8.40–8.70	8,400–8,700	930	Cast brass; melting point of yellow brass, red brass melts at 1000 °C. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Bronze	7.40–8.90	7,400–8,900	910	Tin bronze: 8–14 % tin. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Carbon steel	7.85	7,850	1425–1540	An alloy of iron and carbon: melts over a range of temperatures. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Cast iron	6.8–7.8	6,800–7,800	1127–1204	Density depends on the grade; melting point of grey cast iron. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Acetone C₃H₆O	0.791	791	−94.9	Source: PubChem
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) C₂H₅OH	0.7893	789.3	−114.1	Source: PubChem
Glycerol (glycerine) C₃H₈O₃	1.261	1,261	18.1	Source: PubChem
Honey	1.42	1,420	none	A mixture: no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Kerosene	0.775–0.840	775–840	none	A mixture: density depends on the grade, no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Milk	1.020–1.050	1,020–1,050	none	Density at 15 °C; a mixture, no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Petrol (gasoline)	0.715–0.780	715–780	none	A mixture: density depends on the grade, no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Seawater	1.025	1,025	−1.8	Salinity 35 g of salt per kg of water; the temperature column gives the freezing point. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, freezing point — US National Snow and Ice Data Center
Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄	1.830	1,830	10.31	Pure acid (100 %), density at 25 °C; concentrated 96–98 % acid: 1.84 g/cm³. Source: PubChem
Sunflower oil	0.919	919	none	A mixture of fats: solidifies gradually, no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Water H₂O	0.9982	998.2	0	Water is densest at 4 °C. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Brick	1.4–2.4	1,400–2,400	none	Depends on the type of brick; ceramics have no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Common (window) glass	2.4–2.8	2,400–2,800	none	Amorphous: no melting point, softens below 700 °C. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, note — Engineering ToolBox
Cork	0.20–0.25	200–250	none	Does not melt: chars and burns when heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Dense concrete	2.0–2.4	2,000–2,400	none	Lightweight and medium concrete: 0.45–1.7 g/cm³; no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Dry sand	1.4–1.6	1,400–1,600	1550	Bulk density, including the air between the grains. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Granite	2.6–2.8	2,600–2,800	none	A rock: no single melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Ice H₂O	0.9162	916.2	0	Density at 0 °C: ice is lighter than water and floats. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Marble	2.6–2.8	2,600–2,800	none	Decomposes without melting when strongly heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Oak (dry wood)	0.60–0.90	600–900	none	Does not melt: chars and burns when heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Paper	0.70–1.15	700–1,150	none	Does not melt: chars and burns when heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Paraffin wax	0.9	900	52	The melting point varies between grades of paraffin. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — Engineering ToolBox
Polyethylene	0.91–0.96	910–960	none	Low- and high-density; softens and melts gradually. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	1.39–1.42	1,390–1,420	none	An amorphous plastic: softens when heated, no melting point. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Rubber	1.1–1.2	1,100–1,200	none	Soft and hard rubber; decomposes without melting when strongly heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Scots pine (dry wood)	0.51	510	none	Does not melt: chars and burns when heated. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Sugar (sucrose) C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁	1.59	1,590	185.5	Melts with decomposition. Source: PubChem
Table salt NaCl	2.17	2,170	800.7	Source: PubChem
Air	0.001205	1.205	none	A mixture of gases; at 0 °C: 1.293 kg/m³. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Carbon dioxide CO₂	0.001842	1.842	none	Does not melt at normal pressure: “dry ice” turns straight into gas at about −78 °C; at 0 °C: 1.977 kg/m³. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, note — Engineering ToolBox
Helium He	0.0001664	0.1664	none	Does not solidify at normal pressure; at 0 °C: 0.1785 kg/m³. Source: Engineering ToolBox
Hydrogen H₂	0.0000899	0.0899	−259.16	The lightest gas; density at 0 °C. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — PubChem
Methane CH₄	0.000668	0.668	−182.6	At 0 °C: 0.717 kg/m³. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — PubChem
Nitrogen N₂	0.001165	1.165	−210.0	At 0 °C: 1.251 kg/m³. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — PubChem
Oxygen O₂	0.001331	1.331	−218.79	At 0 °C: 1.429 kg/m³. Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — PubChem
Propane C₃H₈	0.001882	1.882	−187.6	Sources: density — Engineering ToolBox, melting point — PubChem

Values come from open scientific references: PubChem (US National Library of Medicine), Engineering ToolBox and the US National Snow and Ice Data Center. For alloys, rocks, fuels and materials the density depends on the grade and composition, so the range given by the source is shown. For precise calculations take the value and the measurement conditions from the source page. Numbers checked against the source pages on October 20, 2026.

Catalogue of reference works

31 verified reference works in five sections. The label on an entry is its type: click it to show only entries of that type.

Entries shown: 31

Mathematical reference works

Tables, formularies, sequences and open teaching references.

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF)formula reference
The authoritative modern reference on special functions: definitions, expansions, asymptotics and graphs.
Wolfram MathWorldencyclopedia
Encyclopedic reference on terms, formulas and theorems — handy for a quick check.
OEIS — Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequencesdatabase
Look up an integer sequence by its first terms, with formulas and literature links.
PlanetMathencyclopedia
Open mathematics encyclopedia with proofs and explanatory entries.
arXiv Mathematicsprimary source
Primary sources: mathematics preprints before journal publication.
LibreTexts Mathematicstextbook
Freely distributed reference texts covering the branches of mathematics.
Stat Trekvalue table
Distribution tables, probability formulas and statistical lookup tables.

Physics & metrology references

Fundamental constants, units, particle data and astrophysics datasets.

NIST Physical Reference Datadatabase
Physical reference data: atomic spectra, radiation quantities, constants.
CODATA constantsvalue table
Officially recommended values of the fundamental physical constants.
Particle Data Groupvalue table
Review of particle physics: particle properties, tables and measurement summaries.
BIPM / SI Brochurestandard
The primary source on the International System of Units (SI) and metrology rules.
NASA Astrophysics Data Systemdatabase
Bibliographic reference for astronomy and physics with full article metadata.
Density of lead and other elements — WebElementsvalue table
Physical properties of every chemical element; the density of lead is 11,340 kg/m³ (11.34 g/cm³). By chemist Mark Winter (University of Sheffield, UK).
Densities of metals and alloys — tablevalue table
Hundreds of metals and alloys: lead, tin, steel, brass, bronze — density in kg/m³.
HyperPhysicstextbook
A teaching concept map of physics from Georgia State University (USA): short explanations and formulas by topic.

Chemical reference works

Substance properties, nomenclature and spectral data.

NIST Chemistry WebBookdatabase
Thermochemical and spectral data for thousands of compounds — the core property reference.
PubChemdatabase
Database of structures, synonyms, biological activity and compound safety.
IUPAC Gold Bookstandard
Primary source for chemical terminology and approved definitions.
Periodic Table (IUPAC)value table
The official table of elements with atomic masses and naming status.

Computing, standards & IT references

Normative documents, specifications and algorithmic references.

IETF RFC Editorstandard
Primary sources for internet standards: protocols, formats, conformance requirements.
W3C Standardsstandard
Official web technology recommendations (HTML, CSS, accessibility).
MDN Web Docsdocumentation
Reference on browser APIs, the language and platform features, with examples.
CP-Algorithmstextbook
Reference of algorithms and data structures with complexity analysis.
ACM Digital Libraryprimary source
Library of primary computing sources: conference and journal papers.
IEEE Xploreprimary source
Library of standards and publications in electrical and computing engineering.
NIST SP 800 seriesstandard
Normative guidance on information security and cryptography.

Engineering & general references

Engineering data, open textbooks and classic primary texts.

Engineering Toolboxvalue table
Engineering tables and data: materials, heat, mechanics, piping.
OpenStax textbookstextbook
Open university-level references in physics, chemistry, mathematics and economics.
Project Gutenbergprimary source
Primary sources: classic texts in the public domain for citation.
Internet Archiveprimary source
Archive of books, journals and digitised materials with stable links.
Wolfram Alphacomputation
Computational reference: calculations, units, tables and plots on request.

A primary source is the original document: a standard, specification, article or official dataset. A secondary reference is a systematised digest for navigation. Find your topic in a reference work first, then confirm it against the primary source.